Supply Chain Management Essays

Supply Chain Management Essays Supply Chain Management Essay Supply Chain Management Essay Supply Chain Management SYSTEMS of SQUARE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. Prepared by William Dhali ID No # M 073506 MBA 29th Batch Prepared for Mr. Mahmud Zubayer Internship Supervisor Date: May 28, 2010 Supply Chain Management SYSTEMS of SQUARE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. Prepared by William Dhali ID No # M 073506 MBA 29th Batch Prepared for Mr. Mahmud Zubayer Internship Supervisor Date: May 28, 2010 28th May of 2010 Mr. Mahmud Zubayer Internship Supervisor Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Sir, Here is the internship report that I was assigned by you. The subject of the paper is â€Å"Supply Chain Management†. A study on Square Pharmaceuticals Limited. You have asked me to write the topic as a practical requirement for the MBA program. This is for the first time I have experienced working in an organization I would like to thank you for giving such an eye opening experience. The paper is prepared in four parts-the first part is on report introductory text, the second part is an overview of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, the third part is on the marketing activities of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. It is to mention here that I have tried to the best of my sincerity to uphold the prestige of International Islamic University Chittagong giving wholehearted effort in preparing this report. I am grateful to you for this assignment. It has been an excellent learning experience for me tried my best to present it up to your expectation. I am ready to answer any of your queries. Sincerely, ___________ William Dhali ID: MO73506 To Whom It May Concern: Course: Date: Supply Chain Management Supply chain encompasses all the business activities that fulfill the customer’s demands. These activities are linked with the movement of goods from raw material stage to the end user products. Supply chain management involves the product coordination, inventory, location, transportation, retailing and distribution of products to customers in order to satisfy the needs of customers. Each supply chain in a company has its own unique set of marketing demands and operating challenges. Nowadays, many companies use the modern supply chain concepts especially when there is increased demand in the market, competition and expansion of diverse products. They incorporate the modern supply chain concepts with the additional logistic concepts in delivering products to the market. The technique used in guiding the process design in the company whereby a closed racecar pit crew takes 17 seconds in tuning the engine is the use of technology technique. Use of technology in the production process is beneficial because it makes work easier and saves time. Falkman (2011) points out that the use of technology facilitates the changeover process through diverse methods, which minimize labor and maximize utilization of machinery thus saving time and money. A number of benefit result from a better rapid changeover system. First, it reduces time in installing parts to a new container and changeovers can be done even by a less skilled employee. Secondly, it saves time since the work is accomplished faster and it is less costly. Additionally, if the same company takes 3 days in accomplishing the same work at a local garage or auto dealer, then it means that the use of traditional concept of logistics principle was used in this auto dealer. Traditional logistic concept is when the activities occur within the peripheries of a single organization. However, taking three days in accomplishing the same work that can be done within 17 seconds is costly and wastes a lot time. Thus, companies in any supply chain should make decisions collectively regarding their actions on inventory especially the kind of inventory that need to be stocked at each stage of the supply chain process. When the larger passenger jets preload luggage into large aluminum containers in the plane, it takes less time to accomplish the work than when the smaller planes get loaded with one bag at a time. Many companies employ different supply chain principles at each stage of production, transportation and inventory process. For instance, the airline can benefit more when they can employ an effective method of operation especially when they use inventory methods in the management process. Managers need to plan well and employ appropriate decisions that can be used when dealing with transportation of products. For instance, the use of Airfreight delivery of luggage can be fast and more reliable but it can be quite expensive when compared to other inventories such as shipping, which is more uncertain. However, the uncertainty should be compensated through stocking higher inventory levels. Nevertheless, the operation management techniques employed in the Airline Company are cost effective. The use of inventory techniques employed in the process of supply chain is beneficial because it makes work easier and reduces time spent in pre-loading one luggage at a time. Hence, the use of larger passenger jets in pre-loading luggage into the aluminum containers makes the work easier and it is more convenience. Nielsen (2008) argues that integration of logistics within the production, transportation and distribution chain should be aligned in a sequence. This is because the whole supply chain concept needs to be more lean and supple so that they can provide sufficient service level for the increasing demand. The ratio between lean and agile should be balanced and this are explained in the Pareto principle, which requires that the demands as well as the supply chain concept need to focus on efficiency and economies of scale. The operation management technique that may be used in the manufacturing fashion company is the use of the inventory techniques in the production process. In order to avoid outdated inventory with manufacturing of fashion goods, products undergo different product life cycle phases. This is essential because products that undergo processes of life cycle are beneficial since they enhance customer value and they are cost effective (Dornyei and Otto, 2000). In addition, the conceptual frameworks are employed and they align with the manufacturing fashion goods together with the process design and are in respect to the life cycle of the product. Thus, they enable the company to gain benefits through leveraging diverse stages of product life cycle. There are other application concepts such as the use of inventory machines that explore the operational supply chain and designing on new colored sweaters for women in the manufacturing fashion industry. Inventory machines are used in making work easier and work faster in producing more products within a short period. In addition, the efficient supply chain concept is employed in the manufacturing of fashion products. Goods flow from upstream to downstream starting with products development flow, service, information and then fund flow. The company incorporates the traditional logistic concepts in order to produce high quality products within the management system. When the manufacturing fashion goods did not add color to sweaters, the management introduced real orders of virtual integration. The virtual integration within the supply chain in an industry requires industry real time automation or inter-organization processes of business that span trading partners. Nowadays, organizations that are involved in the supply chain use communication techniques such as e-mails, faxes or utilize Internet sources in passing information across to customers. This is vital because it has benefited the manufacturing fashion companies in the supply chain process. Many companies such as large insurance companies have already demonstrated their ability in managing the supply chain through employing operation management principles that are effective in making work easier and faster. For instance, a large insurance company that used to take three days in handling home casualty claims is now able to make work easier because of its involvement in internal supply chain. This is beneficial because it helps the company to accomplish their work faster thus reducing costs that are incurred in the process of delivering services. Supply chain involves four stages that include the supply network, the internal supply chain, and this covers production, distribution and end users. In between the four stages is the material flow, service flow as well as funds flow. Thus, an insurance company can use e-procurement links and e-distribution links since they are cost effective thus enabling them to meet their customers’ needs. Moreover, the insurance company will benefit more especially when they can take thirty minutes in handling home casualty claims and sending an RV down to hurricane sites because they can incur less costs or expenses in the information distribution process. Accessing information timely and accurately requires managers to make better decisions and coordinate well in the organization (Raturi and Evans, 2005). This is vital because it will enable the insurance company to provide their customers with better services, which will be delivered in time. With better information, people are able to make effective decisions on what need to be produced and where to locate inventory as well as the best way to distribute services. This will be beneficial to both the company and the people since they will be able to process claims within thirty minutes once they have experienced any problems such as the hurricane, fire incidents or flood issues. References Dornyei, Z. Otto, I (2000). Motivation in action: A process model of L2 motivation. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, 4, 43-69 Falkman, A. M. (2011). Improving the Speed of Machinery Changeovers, Consequently Decreasing Downtime, Raises Productivity and Profits. Retrieved from pmtdirect.com/website/article.asp?id=12512 Nielsen, A. (September 6, 2008). SMED Setup Reduction. Retrieved from http://setupreduction.blogspot.com/2008/09/shingos-insight-separate-internal-end.html Raturi, A. S., Evans, J. R. (2005). Principles of operations management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

Company G Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company G Marketing Plan - Essay Example The product is primarily a portable Global Positioning System (GPS) device, which provides the information in "real-life" three dimensional graphics providing enhanced user experience, and is much easier to use than similar conventional devices. The interactive touch screen provides a video game arcade feel, which is closer to real-life than any other similar product. The device can be mounted on the driver dashboard of a car. Unlike conventional GPS devices, this appliance will be able to retrieve map information even when surrounded by tall buildings during city driving. There will be several add-on optional features to make it a convergence device. It can be detached easily from the car, and can be synchronized with the user's home/ office computer. As a safety measure, the device can be used as an internet browser only when it is removed from its dock on the car dashboard. It uses a revolutionary wireless technology to download internet content at a speed three times higher than other conventional devices, and can be used for playing songs in the car as well. It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has bee... It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has been developed by the product designers as a sleek elegant device in twin-tone colors available in black-red, blue-white, and black-yellow combinations. The product line has been christened by the marketing team as "Rubicon". The product features and benefits are given in the table below. Table 2-1 Features & Benefits Features Benefits 3-D visuals with "real-life" feel Easier navigability Twin tone metallic color Elegant look enhancing buyer satisfaction Three color choices Will match most car interiors Faster wireless No "breaking" of images and songs during travel Online song availability Latest song downloads Internet availability Information on the move Interactive touch screen Easier usage during driving Better signal Can navigate even when surrounded by tall buildings inside the city Distribution The company currently has a wide dealer network. Its existing products are distributed through small retail shops as well as large chains of retail shops. Its distribution network also includes specialty retail shops (electronics shops). The products are also available online through various dealer websites. The existing distribution will be through company's existing distribution network. Additional specialty retails shops (automobile accessories) shall be added to the network for this product. Direct sales efforts shall be undertaken to achieve penetration in the car rental industry, and in the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) industry. Price Rubicon shall be priced at a premium to the existing

Reflective account of two placement experiences Essay

Reflective account of two placement experiences - Essay Example mental balance and wellbeing. For instance, I was assigned to care for a service user with dementia. Accordingly, such individuals require specialized arenas of care, as they are medically categorized as being amongst the most prone of individuals in society (Darling, 2011:642). It hence takes individual input, gradual experience, acquired expert knowledge and excellent communication skills to effectively function in such a setting (Jasper, 2003:24). With no form of experience, expertise, expert knowledge and internship, I experienced amongst others nervousness and lack of confidence that made me scared. In dealing with such individuals, the lack of confidence did not aid much as provision of care for the service users, required individuals (medical students and professionals) who had a better idea of how to handle such service users. In such a setting, the presence of medical professionals was crucial, as the service users were not capable of helping themselves (Eva & Regehr, 2005:S47). Even with the presence of other first year nursing students, the lack of expert knowledge and experience hampered my overall handling of existing service users. I however take solace in the fact that if functioning in such situations was not with its high and low moments, I would invariably feel not effectively utilized in such clinical settings (Sandars, 2009:687). It was difficult for me to feed them, give them medication or any other care they needed because of the violent behavior that made me even more scared especially for the fact that I lacked experience. It was difficult even to get close to them at first because I was not confident and thought they would beat me up or even worse bite me. However, with time I overcame such issues as my mentor modeled me. She instructed me on what to do on top of the fact that I saw what she was doing and adapted slowly. I was not knowledgeable of such conditions but after

Traditional Banking Essay Example for Free

Traditional Banking Essay The article â€Å"The decline of traditional banking: implications for financial stability and regulatory policy† by Franklin R. Edwards and Frederic S. Mishkin presents a very detailed and well researched exploration of the current movement of banks away from traditional banking. The authors describe their objectives as including an examination of the reasons behind the decline of traditional banking, and an identification of the effects that these would have on the stability and regulation of banks. The article meets these goals well, as it begins by demonstrating the complexity of the current banking situation and how/why balance sheets reflect information that go far beyond mere lending. The non-traditional methods of banking as well as the financial institutions that have evolved and crowded the banking market are also explored in detail. Finally, the authors expound on the ways that banks might improve their status in the financial market and maintain stable regulatory policies within such a highly competitive and unstable environment. Therefore, while in some areas the explanations were a bit awkward, overall the authors manage to unite the causes, effects, and possible remedies of the current problems being faced by banks, and this is done in a manner that demonstrates a deep understanding of the situation. The introductory pages of the article do give a very detailed picture of why the authors found it necessary to explore the decline of traditional banking. Traditional banking, they explain, dealt mainly with the issuing of long term loans financed by short-term deposits (Edwards Miskhin, 27). They provide evidence in the form of graphs and statistics, showing both the size of the decline in earnings from such traditional (financial) borrowing, as well as the share of non-financial borrowing granted banks and their competitors. The fact that both commercial and thrift banks’ non-financial borrowing declined by an average of 7% over a thirty-five year period demonstrates that significant decline has indeed taken place in their share of that market. The authors also give concrete evidence concerning the decline in these institutions’ returns on such holdings as assets and equity. Finally the authors demonstrate the trend in banks’ share in the market concerned with non-interest income. This increasing trend represents precisely the move away from tradition they have identified. The placement of these facts and charts was effective as a method of vindicating the authors’ decision to explore reasons for the decline in traditional banking. Edwards and Mishkin   go on to explore such areas as the decline in banks’ advantage as far as liabilities are concerned. This is demonstrated in terms of declining cost advantages, which as shown to have become a reality when other institutions found a way to capitalize on the banks’ financial privileges. They explained the fact that ceilings and other restrictions (at one time favorable to the banks) had been placed upon their ability to offer interest on certain types of deposits (such as checkable deposits). These regulations restricted their ability to be competitive at a crucial time in the market and therefore opened the doors for other lending institutions (exempt from such restrictions) to attract customers by offering higher interest. This serves as a cogent explanation of why banks have declined in this traditional area. Yet, the authors represent the complexity of the market by exploring a few other reasons why such decline has taken place. The existence of the new paper market (securities) has also been cited as a reason that adds to the complexity of the problem that banks now face (Edwards Miskhin, 31). The previously mentioned decline in banks’ lending to commercial entities is now explained by the fact that these businesses have been given the option of borrowing directly from the public through the issuance of securities. The authors also cite the rise of mutual funds and junk bonds on the money market as having an indirect effect on the market position of banks. They write, â€Å"The growth of assets in money market mutual funds to more than $500 billion created a ready market for commercial paper because money market mutual funds must hold liquid, high-quality, short-term assets† (31). This serves the explanatory purposes of the authors by demonstrating the sheer size and number of the alternatives to banks that exist on the financial market. The authors, Edwards and Mishkin, also explore some of the reasons why such alternative institutions have become such a threat to banks. Besides their ability to offer attractive alternatives to customers, these financial institutions have also demonstrated an ability to secure their assets. They explain these institutions’ methods of originating loans and then creating more loans from these. They write: â€Å"Advances in information and data processing technology have enabled non-bank competitors to originate loans, transform these into marketable securities, and sell them to obtain more funding with which to make more loans† (Edwards Miskhin, 32). The rise of financially capable technology has made easy these maneuvers by such non-bank facilities, and this has led to the current position of decline in banks’ traditional activities. The authors of the article also demonstrate the route that banks have had to take in order to combat the effects of being forced to share their market. They use graphs and data effectively to demonstrate the sharp climb in what had traditionally been considered risky types of loans. These graphs depict a rise in bank issuance of real estate loans, and further details the authors provide demonstrate that banks have had to stoop to lending to â€Å"less credit-worthy borrowers† in order to increase their financial viability in these tough times (Edwards Mishkin, 27 33). They also depict the methods chosen by banks to increase their activities that take place off the balance sheet. Banks have expanded into the market for financial derivatives, in which they serve as â€Å"off-exchange or over the counter (OTC) derivatives dealers† (34). In order to increase the authority of the article, the writers then provide in several charts concrete evidence of the different kinds of derivative deals in which actual banks have recently participated or mediated. Further evidence concerning the proportion of income banks have derived from these off-balance transactions serve to depict the extent to which they have effaced or replaced traditional banking. Edwards and Mishkin’s exploration of the nature of the risk faced by these banks in involving themselves in OTC activities demonstrates the extent to which these institutions have been forced by a declining traditional market to engage in alternate financial activities. Since their derivative activities have mainly been in the area of swapping interest rates, the risk involved in this can be seen to be high—though tempered by the fact that they â€Å"do not involve payment of principal amounts† (Edwards Miskhin, 38). Furthermore, the authors’ detailed explanation of swaps and the risks they carry aid the overall understanding of the type of risks banks have been forced to take in order to retain their profits. This leads to a better understanding of the extent to which traditional banking has been transformed. Finally, the authors Edwards and Mishkin go on to outline the regulations that have been put in place and the implications that they are likely to have for bank policies. The need for regulation is expressed in the evidence they produce from the GAO (U.S. Government Accounting Office). It explains that the discounts and insurance provided by Federal Reserve Bank accords to banks a level of security that might induce them to take higher risks that they would (or should) otherwise have taken. Regulations have therefore been made that allow only banks with good management and high capital to engage in some of the riskier types of non-traditional banking activities. Such activities include securities underwriting and trading, and dealing in the derivatives market. The inclusion of these explanations in the article demonstrates the thoroughness of the authors in identifying other reasons (beyond mere competition) why some banks have been or may be forced out of the financial business. The details of policy implications for banks given by the authors are shown to include regulations that strengthen banks’ ability to compete. These measures have also been shown to include the seeking of methods that prevent the fall of capital below certain levels (Edwards Mishkin, 40). In presenting the pros and cons of these ideas, the authors demonstrate and impart a thorough understanding of the intricacies of banking and further communicate the complexities of the business. The writers, through their efforts, also demonstrate the gravity of the situation that banks now face in their need to write policy giving them the ability to expand beyond their traditional financial market. Despite the overall clarity and detail of the ideas presented in support of the authors’ claims, a level of awkwardness does enter into a few paragraphs of this article. The awkwardness within this article mainly exists in the introductory pages, where Edwards and Mishkin enumerate (rather than explore) the reasons for and the extent of the decline in traditional banking. The confusing nature of the financial situation being faced by banks is translated to the work, as the writers continually meet their given reasons with qualifications to the effect that demonstrate the inadequacy of each explanation. They, for example, identify their measure of banks’ profitability over a period of time as â€Å"crude† and explain that other measures do not â€Å"adjust for the expenses associated with generating noninterest income† (Edwards Miskhin, 29-30). One gets the feeling that the writers might have taken the trouble to do the extra calculations in order to provide a more comprehensive view of the situation. However, they do provide much more detailed explorations in the ensuing paragraphs. This article by Edwards and Mushkin presents a very interesting and informative view of the current situation facing banks in today’s financial market. The traditional role usually occupied by banks as lenders has been undermined by the influx of non-traditional lending institutions. These institutions have taken the opportunity to provide lower-interest loans and higher-interest deposits to customers, thereby forcing banks to flee to riskier methods of gaining revenue. Policies that regulate banks’ behavior have become necessary as a result of this trend toward riskier business, and this has sparked ideas concerning policy making and the risks and benefits they would impart to all stakeholders. Work Cited Edwards, Franklin R and Frederic S. Mishkin. â€Å"The decline of traditional banking: implications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for financial stability and regulatory policy.† FRBNY Economic Policy Review. July (1995): 27-45.

Effects of Industrialization and the Conditions of the Working Class in

Effects of Industrialization and the Conditions of the Working Class in England In the middle of the 19th century the industrial revolution was flourishing in England. With all of the advancements in machinery there would be new opportunities and drawbacks for citizens. Many would leave their lives on the farms and work in factories with unsafe settings. Karl Marx felt that the new advancements in society were able to support the fourth stage of human development, Communism. Along with these new advancements the people would have to learn how to self-govern themselves in the workplace and understand their new responsibilities. England possessed the right settings for the autonomous operation of the economic forces that generated industrialization. Before the industrial revolution England was mainly an agrarian society. Then there was a radical change that moved the citizens from farms and into cities. With the large rise in England’s population there was also a larger demand for goods. There was a necessity for quicker and more efficient methods of producing those goods. During the beginning of the 19th century there was a large push of inventions to help create a more mechanical society. By 1848, when the "Communist Manifesto" was written, machinery had already been assimilated into society.1 The industrial revolution made transportation, commerce, and communication more accessible to the masses. Britain already had many navigable rivers and also utilized the inventions from the revolution to improve even more.2 One of the biggest contributions to those was that of the steam engine. Thi s invention was the first automatic machine that allowed people to work uninterrupted for longer periods of time, ... ...k : Longman, 1985),3,32. 2. Kevin Kitano and Anthony Morejon, "Essay on the Industrial Revolution," 2 November 1997, <http://members.aol.com/mhirotsu/essay.htm> (23 October 2001). 3. Sidney Pollard, Peaceful conquest : the industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 (New York : Oxford University Press, 1981),22. 4. Donald L. Donham, Studies in Marxism and Social Theology: History, Power, Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 60-61. 5. Kevin Kitano and Anthony Morejon. 6. Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party. 7. Pollard,27. 8. Kemp,5. 9. Kevin Kitano and Anthony Morejon. Links: http://www.neo-tech.com/businessmen/part6.html http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ENLIGHT/INDUSTRY.HTM http://members.aol.com/mhirotsu/kevin/trip2.html

Ethics on Smoking Industry

INTRODUCTION: Ethics occupy an important place in today’s modern business world. Every organization makes use of ethics to make day-today decisions and fulfill societal expectations. This essay brings to light ethical and social responsibility that every individual and company should follow in order to become better citizens for society. Essay presents analysis based on real case of Philip Morris, a tobacco company in U. S. A versus Mayola – a widow, who took legal action against company for her husband’s death due to smoking. Essay draws balanced argument based on evidences about unethical behavior of tobacco company and smokers personal responsibilities for their actions. We have used Ethical decision-making model of Lagenderfer and Rockness to frame our analysis. ETHICS & BUSINESS Ethics in simple terms means set of moral principles or list of rules, which can determine whether particular action undertaken is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. All the activities undertaken by society are based on ethics. Ethics can be personal as well as professional. Personal ethics are based on individual’s values, beliefs, attitudes and actions while business ethics are based on certain principles or code of conduct to guide individual or a group in accordance with societal expectations. Business ethics can be defined as â€Å"study of business situations, activities and decisions where issues of right or wrong are addressed†(Crane, A& Matten ,D, 2007,P. 5). Thus, ethics helps in making decision and is a key for solving problems. Today, society is facing considerable increase in number of ethical issues such as fraud, exploitation, misleading advertisement and increasing pollution. Birt, Chalmers, Beal, Brooks, Byrne, Oliver, 2008, P. 65). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY It is essential for every organization to undertake corporate social responsibility along with its goals and objectives. According to (Birt et al. , 2008, p. 70) Corporate social responsibility can be referred to responsibility that an entity has to all its stakeh olders, including society in general and physical environment in which it operates. There are many companies, which lack sense of corporate social responsibility and acts against interest of society. RELEVANT FACTS DETERMINED UNDER CASE: Today, business is giving rise to numerous ethical issues, as many companies are involved in exploiting its customers, selling harmful products in markets, false marketing of products and increasing environmental and health issues. Many tobacco companies like Phillip Morris are selling harmful and addictive products like cigarettes that cause serious diseases like lung cancer and heart attack. Analysis of Phillip Morris v. Mayola, Williams case brings down certain relevant facts that give rise to ethical issues. Mayola took a legal action on Philip Morris on the grounds of false and misleading advertisement and marketing undertaken by company for its products. It is fact that Philip Morris knew that tobacco was harmful for health still he advertised his product as non-addictive and safe and Williams death was caused by smoking. Second, fact is that Philip Morris appealed solely against damages that company had to pay to other smokers who did not bring any actions against court. Their appeal was only based on excessive damages that company was supposed to pay to strangers. This clearly indicates that he is very well aware of harms caused by his cigarettes to smokers and did not appeal on the grounds that his products were safe and less addictive. It is also relevant fact that Supreme Court made decision in favor of Philip Morris that company is not liable to pay excessive damages to Ms Williams on the grounds that damages were proper under Oregon statute but was excessive under federal constitution (BBC article, 20 Feb, 2007). This indicates that ethical laws are still complex and not clearly stated under constitution. ETHICAL DILEMMAS FOR BOTH SMOKERS AND COMPANY: Ethical dilemma arises when there is a situation with conflict of interest. We have built certain arguments based on ethical dilemmas from perspective of both smoker and company. We have constructed evidence-based arguments on unethical behavior by Philip Morris Company, which includes major ethical issues, such are selling harmful products, misleading and false advertisement, acting against societal expectations and caring out unethical business practice. Company is involved in producing and selling harmful tobacco products that contains high amount of nicotine, are addictive, and can cause serious health issues such as lung cancer and heart attack. Company acts unethically by encouraging people to smoke and their conflict of interest with societal ethical standards and expectations. According to (Janine and Ruth, 2008) company prevents old smokers from quitting and targets young people and children. Company adopts new and innovative marketing approaches to promote its products like direct mail advertising and sending coupons with discounts. Low tar† cigarettes were developed in response to the health concerns of older smokers in 1970, but experts found them no advantageous to health and did not help smokers to quit. Company lacks in corporate social responsibility as they perform activities that are against interest of society in general and physical environment in which it operates. Company undertakes massive fraud by acting d ishonestly having financial motive in mind. Company is involved in false advertisement indicating their products to be less addictive, more filtered and safe. According to ( Rosner, 2006, P. 193-196) company tries to create illusion by sponsoring cigarette cessation programmes and try to make society believe that they act in ethical way, but their real motive behind it is to promote company’s goal of selling cigarettes and meet their financial interests . Their misleading marketing activities makes lots of people to go for smoking. Philip Morris promised to shut down instantly if their cigarettes were found to be harmful but has failed to keep its promise, which gives rise to ethical dilemma. According to (David & Silva, 2004, p. 9-22) Company uses their political and economic influence to create an environment that encourages continued consumption of cigarettes. Company is accused of political lobbying. They lobby legislators and officials in finance ministry in order to keep tobacco prices low and thus encouraging people to smoke. Philip Morris was after minimizing total tax burden on cigarettes in order to keep smoking affordable . Article in Ethical Corporation magazine (2004) states that company declares itself responsible and argues that there is increasing demand for cigarettes by customers and if they stop selling it, someone else will take their position. Company tried to safeguard themselves on the grounds that they are selling legal products, which are not banned by government and are acting in ethical way by warning its customers against dangers associated with smoking. Thus, company gives rise to ethical dilemmas as it has an intension to make huge profits by selling harmful products that are responsible for death of millions of people and still trying to gain creditability as responsible company. From perspective of smokers in general, they give rise to ethical issues by consuming harmful products that are not ethically accepted by society and do not take warnings given by companies and government seriously. It is unethical to blame companies solely responsible for damages caused to them and bring their own actions against company. Their behavior can give rise to ethical dilemmas as their actions have a deep impact on their children and makes smoking more desirable for their kids in future. They also lack in personal and social responsibility by giving rise to health issues and environmental concerns for society in general. CONCLUSION: Thus, we conclude that tobacco is one the world’s greatest preventable health problems. According to our analysis, we came to a balanced conclusion that smokers should take responsibility for their actions and companies should behave ethically by making its customers fully aware about the dangers of smoking. It is very essential to undertake combined ethical and social responsibility by both smokers and tobacco companies to avoid millions of deaths due to smoking and to act in favor of societal expectations. Tobacco companies should stop giving misleading advertisement and marketing activities, which indicates their products to be safe and less addictive. They should stop encouraging consumption of tobacco among young and old and should ban children from its consumption. It is the responsibility of companies to support smoking cessation programs and help smokers to quit not just for sake of creating illusion but also to act in favor of societies interest in general and to build better image in society. Company should change their unethical business practices of creating massive fraud to fulfill its financial motive and provide support to government activities that help smokers to quit. Smokers should follow their personal ethics and should take responsibility for smoking. They should take warnings given by tobacco companies and government to quit smoking seriously. They can search on internet for more information or consult doctor to improve heir knowledge about serious health issues caused by smoking. Smokers should not escape from their personal and social responsibilities towards society and their families. It is unethical to bring their own action against company and solely blame company for health issues caused by smoking. It is moral duty and responsibility of every citizen to bear risk associated with their actions. It is responsibility of government to take care of its citizens and find solutions for their health relating issues. We believe that Political parties should not accept any funds from Tobacco Company for their campaign and government should ban any kind of commercial ads for cigarettes in magazine, newspapers or on television. Government should support smoking cessation programs and quitting and should be alert if tobacco company provides any support as they may mislead government by doing indirect advertising for their products. We recommend that there should be strict tobacco control strategy that restricts consumption of all tobacco products. Thus we conclude that it is ethical, moral and social responsibility for smokers, tobacco companies and government to stop consumption and selling of harmful products for betterment of society and environmental concerns. REFERANCE )Birt, J. ,Chalmers, K. ,Beal, D. , Brooks, A. , Byrne, S. , & Oliver, J. (2008). Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making. (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons: Milton, Old. 2)Crane, A. , Matten, D. (2007). Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship & Sustainability in Age of Globalization. (2ND ed). Oxford University Press: New York. 3)David, A. , Silva,V. ( 2004). Building Blocks for Tobacco Control: a handbook tools for advancin g tobacco control in xxist century. Publisher World Health Organization: Geneva 4)Rosner, F. (2006). Contemporary Biomedical Ethical Issues and Jewish Laws. KTAV Publishing House: New Jersey 5)Janine, C. , & Ruth, M. (2008). False Promises: Journal of American Geriatrics, 56(9), p1716-1723, 8p, 1 chart retrieved on 5/ 09/2009 from Academic Search Premier Database. 6)Tobacco firm wins payout appeal: BBC news article https://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/6379767. stm retrieved on 6/9/2009. 7)Philip Morris executive declares his company ‘Responsible’: Article from Ethical Corporation Magazine: http://www. ethicalcorp. com/content. asp? ContentID=2345 retrieved on 8/09/2009.

Affirmative Action is Not the Answer Essay - 843 Words

Affirmative Action is Not the Answer Created in the 1960s, affirmative action programs attempted to undo past racial discrimination by giving preference to blacks and other minorities. The idea behind these programs was to help minorities gain the representation in the job market that paralleled their percentage of the population (Finley 1). Unfortunately, affirmative action has mutated into a thirty-year-old policy that places many underqualified minorities in positions over more qualified non-minorities. Preferential treatment of minorities has caused problems not only in the workplace, but also in our universities throughout the country. Due to these current circumstances,†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, it has done exactly the opposite because affirmative action poses a conflict between two cherished American principles: the belief that all Americans deserve equal opportunities and the idea that hard work and merit, not race or religion or gender or birthright, should determine who prospers and who does not (Roberts 32). This leads to a series of problems at universities. For example, we cannot expect college students to see everyone equally unless everyone is considered equal when applying for college. Affirmative action has created a situation in which the minoritys society now tells them that if they will only designate themselves as black on their college applications, they will probably do better in the college lottery than if they conceal this fact (Steele 322). Remove the section on college applications titled Race, and consider students by their hard work in school, not by the color of their skin. And how can we even be surprised that there is racial tension among students in universities? The white student sees minorities as undeserving, while the minority student sees the whites as racists that are participating in a larger institution that works against black people (Duster 64). Another fault with affirmative action is thatShow MoreRelated Affirmative Action and Racial Tension Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action and Racial Tension    Affirmative action. What was its purpose in the first place, and do we really need it now? It began in an era when minorities were greatly under represented in universities and respectable professions. Unless one was racist, most agreed with the need of affirmative action in college admissions and in the workplace. Society needed an active law that enforced equality during a period when civil rights bills were only effective in ink. With so much of America ¹sRead More Affirmative Action: Keeping minorities down for 30 years. 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Racial identity is the meaning each of us has constructed or is constructing about what it means to be a white person or a person of color inRead MoreThe Third Man By Richard Rodriguez1478 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, after the Negro Civil Rights Movement, they begun to claim the benefits of affirmative action that came with being a Hispanic.. Affirmative action policies were created to ease any stigma, stereotypes, and discrimination that minority groups exhibited. Consequently, employers were discouraged from rejecting people because of their color and race. Rodriguez’s assessment of Hispanic use of affirmative action is seen in form of an anecdote: Not so long ago, Hispanics, particularly Mexicans and